References
Citations
Every claim in this research is cited. The full list below includes peer-reviewed research, government statistics, clinical reports, and journalism. Entries are de-duplicated and sorted alphabetically by publisher.
- 001
'Preventing Child Sexual Abuse in the Dunkelfeld: A Public Health Imperative Requiring Context-Appropriate Science — A Response to König (2025),'
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-025-00859-6 - 002
'The Impact of a Public Health Campaign to Deter Viewing of Child Sexual Abuse Images Online'
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11311905/ - 003
"Amy" and "Jessica" v. Apple Inc.
cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amy-et.-al.-… - 004
"Bugs in our Pockets: The Risks of Client-Side Scanning"
arxiv.org/abs/2110.07450 - 005
"disguised website"
iwf.org.uk/annual-data-insights-report-2024/data-a… - 006
"may learn it is online in unexpected ways,"
protectchildren.ca/en/ - 007
"prioritizes profit over children and survivors"
protectchildren.ca/en/press-and-media/news-releases/2024/p… - 008
"the crucial role that the open-source AI models play"
arxiv.org/abs/2503.00433 - 009
"the defendant's relative role in the causal process"
law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/12-8561 - 010
"there's always a bit that's stuck there, because it's ongoing and people are still using it for sexual satisfaction."
content.c3p.ca/pdfs/C3P_SurvivorAdvocacyReport_en.pdf - 011
"traumatised and continuously retraumatised as soon as they're notified or have knowledge of their image having been traded,"
content.c3p.ca/pdfs/C3P_WorkingWithSurvivors_Professio… - 012
- 013
@Safety account and “the incredible work of our safety engineering team,”
nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/x-accounts-peddle-child-… - 014
“Head of Trust and Safety, X,”
rsaconference.com/experts/kylie-mcroberts - 015
120 days to ten months to fulfill
academic.oup.com/cybersecurity/article/8/1/tyac014/69090… - 016
18 U.S.C. § 1466A
law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1466A - 017
18 U.S.C. § 2256(8)
law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2256 - 018
18 U.S.C. § 2258A
law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2258A - 019
18 U.S.C. § 2259
jamesmarshlaw.com/federal-criminal-restitution-for-child-… - 020
2024 Stanford Internet Observatory report
cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/news/cybertipline-report - 021
- 022
2025 Global Transparency Report
transparency.x.com/en/reports/global-reports/2025-transpar… - 023
2026 crypto crime analysis
chainalysis.com/blog/crypto-human-trafficking-2026/ - 024
21.3 million reports in 2025, containing 61.8 million images, videos, and other files
missingkids.org/cybertiplinedata - 025
- 026
- 027
- 028
AddictionHelp.com
addictionhelp.com/porn/apps/ - 029
Addictive Behaviors
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7616041/ - 030
- 031
American College of Pediatricians
acpeds.org/the-impact-of-pornography-on-children/ - 032
Amy, Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018 (AVAA)
law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2259 - 033
- 034
- 035
Apple Support
support.apple.com/en-us/105121 - 036
Archives of Sexual Behavior
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8773393/ - 037
Archives of Sexual Behavior
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24627189/ - 038
Archives of Sexual Behavior
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8275519/ - 039
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition - 040
at least ninety similar websites
cseinstitute.org/prompted-to-exploit-ai-and-the-creation… - 041
Australian Institute of Criminology
aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-10/ti607_enhan… - 042
- 043
- 044
- 045
- 046
- 047
Behavioral Sciences
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4600144/ - 048
- 049
- 050
CDC, About Child Sexual Abuse
cdc.gov/child-abuse-neglect/about/about-child-s… - 051
Child Abuse & Neglect
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213424002059 - 052
children under six being manipulated into abuse while playing alone online
iwf.org.uk/news-media/news/under-sixes-manipulated… - 053
civil-society groups
cadeproject.org/updates/eu-rolls-out-revised-chat-contr… - 054
CleanBrowsing
cleanbrowsing.org/filters/ - 055
Clinical Psychological Science
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702620922966 - 056
CLOUD Act (2018)
crossborderdataforum.org/cloudactfaqs/ - 057
- 058
- 059
- 060
comparative analysis by Hao et al. (arXiv 2406.00918)
arxiv.org/html/2406.00918v1/ - 061
Coroners and Justice Act 2009
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/62 - 062
Covenant Eyes Support
support.covenanteyes.com/hc/en-us/articles/11976472404763-How-do… - 063
Crime and Policing Act 2026
gov.uk/government/publications/crime-and-polic… - 064
Criminal Code Act 1995
unodc.org/cld/en/legislation/aus/criminal_code_ct… - 065
Criminal Code section 163.1
laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/section-163.1.html - 066
Criminal Justice Act 1988
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33 - 067
- 068
Cuijpers, 1997
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9194011/ - 069
Culture Reframed
culturereframed.org/ - 070
Cyberpsychology
cyberpsychology.eu/article/download/13123/32647/32057 - 071
David D. Burns
feelinggood.com/ - 072
David Finkelhor's Four-Preconditions Model (1984)
researchgate.net/publication/373261484_The_Four_Precondi… - 073
Diana Screen
dianascreen.com/ - 074
Digital Services Act
eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj - 075
Directive 2011/93/EU
eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ - 076
Dombert et al. (2016)
researchgate.net/publication/272150170_How_Common_is_Men - 077
- 078
- 079
- 080
Electronic Frontier Foundation
eff.org/deeplinks/2023/09/uk-government-knows-h… - 081
- 082
eScholarship
escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g512 - 083
European Cybercrime Centre (EC3)
europol.europa.eu/crime-areas/child-sexual-exploitation - 084
Ever Accountable comparison
everaccountable.com/blog/covenant-eyes-alternatives/ - 085
Experiences of child sexual abuse material survivors
protectchildren.ca/en/press-and-media/news-releases/2024/n… - 086
Falco
falco.org/about/ - 087
Fifth Avenue Psychiatry
psychiatrynyc.com/blog/a-new-crisis-the-impact-of-ai-on-s… - 088
Fight the New Drug
fightthenewdrug.org/about/ - 089
financial investigation in OSEC cases
nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-l… - 090
Financial Trend Analysis
fincen.gov/news/news-releases/fincen-sees-increase… - 091
five million hash values of confirmed CSAM
technologycoalition.org/knowledge-hub/update-on-voluntary-detec… - 092
Free Speech Coalition
action.freespeechcoalition.com/age-verification-resources/state-avs-la… - 093
Free Speech Coalition, Inc. v. Paxton
congress.gov/crs-product/LSB11354 - 094
Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12515835/ - 095
Frontiers in Education
frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/fed… - 096
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10… - 097
general approach
euperspectives.eu/2025/11/eu-countries-agree-position-on-… - 098
German Prevention Project Dunkelfeld
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsm.12785 - 099
Gobbett, McLean and colleagues, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2023
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11639055/ - 100
Google for Partners
protectingchildren.google/tools-for-partners/ - 101
Google Play
play.google.com/store/apps/details - 102
Google Play
play.google.com/store/apps/details - 103
Google Safety Center
safety.google/intl/en_sg/settings/parental-controls/ - 104
- 105
hash collisions
theregister.com/2023/09/07/uk_government_clause_online_… - 106
Head of Brand Safety and Advertiser Solutions
socialmediatoday.com/news/x-formerly-twitter-appoints-head-o… - 107
Hive CSAM detection API
docs.thehive.ai/docs/csam-detection-api - 108
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03954-x - 109
- 110
Inform Plus
ecsa.lucyfaithfull.org/inform-plus - 111
- 112
Inside the Porn
inside.theporn.com/deepfake-ai-porn-laws-2025/ - 113
Integrity Reports
transparency.meta.com/reports/integrity-reports-q2-2025/ - 114
International Child Sexual Exploitation (ICSE) database
interpol.int/en/Crimes/Crimes-against-children/Inter… - 115
International Justice Mission and the University of Nottingham Rights Lab's 'Scale of Harm' study
weprotect.org/resources/case-study/scale-of-harm-prev… - 116
International Survivors' Survey
protectchildren.ca/en/resources-research/survivors-survey-… - 117
Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force Program
ojjdp.ojp.gov/programs/internet-crimes-against-childr… - 118
Internet Watch Foundation's 2024 data
iwf.org.uk/annual-data-insights-report-2024/data-a… - 119
- 120
IWF 2023 Annual Report
iwf.org.uk/annual-report-2023/trends-and-data/self… - 121
- 122
IWF Services
iwf.org.uk/our-technology/our-services/ - 123
IWF traced 62% of the webpages it actioned to hosting services in EU countries
iwf.org.uk/news-media/news/charity-raises-alarm-ov… - 124
IWF's commercial URL analysis
iwf.org.uk/annual-data-insights-report-2024/data-a… - 125
JAMA Psychiatry
jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/187… - 126
January 2025 profile
lifeattiktok.com/blog/detail/20250029152826 - 127
JMIR Mental Health (Schuler et al., 2021)
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7935650/ - 128
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9295218/ - 129
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12231474/ - 130
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6174596/ - 131
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14789949.2025.2603236 - 132
Journal of Prevention
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11568044/ - 133
Journal of Prevention
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10935-024-00792-0 - 134
- 135
Justice Wheelahan stating that a “penalty near the maximum” was warranted
miragenews.com/x-corp-fined-for-transparency-fail-on-c… - 136
LAION-5B — the 5.85-billion-pair image-text dataset used to train Stable Diffusion — contained suspected CSAM
404media.co/laion-datasets-removed-stanford-csam-ch… - 137
law enforcement generally must obtain a warrant before opening files
nyccriminalattorneys.com/ncmec-cybertipline-report-what-actually… - 138
Lawfare's judicial-framework analysis
lawfaremedia.org/article/judicial-framework-evaluating-n… - 139
lifeattiktok.com
lifeattiktok.com/blog/detail/20241012113941 - 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
Meta announced takedowns of Nigeria-based sextortion accounts in 2024
about.fb.com/news/2024/07/combating-financial-sextor… - 144
Meta DEF 14A, 2026
sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/00016282802… - 145
Microsoft
microsoft.com/en-us/photodna - 146
- 147
Microsoft Learn
learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5307422/what-ar… - 148
MIT Technology Review
technologyreview.com/2025/09/26/1124343/us-investigators-are… - 149
more than 195 million reports since inception
missingkids.org/theissues/csam - 150
more than one million reports tied to generative AI between January and September 2025
nbcnews.com/tech/security/ai-child-exploitation-cri… - 151
multi-label classification system
thehive.ai/blog/multi-label-classification - 152
National Children's Alliance
nationalchildrensalliance.org/media-room/national-statistics-on-child… - 153
- 154
NBC News reporting on the NCRI study
nbcnews.com/tech/internet/sextortion-yahoo-boys-sna… - 155
- 156
NCMEC 2024 reports-by-ESP breakdown
ncmec.org/content/dam/missingkids/pdfs/cybertipli… - 157
NCMEC Hash Sharing
hashsharing.ncmec.org/npo/v2/documentation/ - 158
NCMEC, 2024 in Numbers
missingkids.org/blog/2025/ncmec-releases-new-data-2024-… - 159
NCMEC, End-to-End Encryption
ncmec.org/theissues/end-to-end-encryption - 160
Network Investigative Technique (NIT)
eff.org/pages/playpen-cases-frequently-asked-qu… - 161
Neuroscience News
neurosciencenews.com/psychology-addiction-triggers-neuroimag… - 162
NIH Systematic Review
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12223668/ - 163
Notice on Financially Motivated Sextortion
fincen.gov/news/news-releases/fincen-issues-notice… - 164
- 165
NPR reported
npr.org/2019/10/16/770628069/one-of-the-worst-f… - 166
nudify-related sites drew over 24 million visits in a single month
elliptic.co/blog/ai-deepfake-undresser-tools-are-be… - 167
- 168
Online Safety Act 2021
esafety.gov.au/industry/basic-online-safety-expectatio… - 169
Online Safety Act 2023
gov.uk/government/publications/online-safety-a… - 170
Online Safety Act 2023, Section 122
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50/section/122 - 171
Ontario Ministry
ontario.ca/document/child-and-parent-resource-inst… - 172
over 3.2 million unique hashes
iwf.org.uk/our-technology/our-services/image-hash-… - 173
Oversight Board
transparency.meta.com/oversight/overview/ - 174
- 175
Paroline v. United States (2014)
fedsoc.org/fedsoc-review/paroline-v-united-states-… - 176
Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434 (2014)
supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/572/434/ - 177
partnering with the Internet Watch Foundation to filter known CSAM from training data
huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.2-dev - 178
paused the rollout
techcrunch.com/2021/09/03/apple-csam-detection-delayed… - 179
- 180
PHVSpec video-hash benchmark
technologycoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/Tech-Coalition-Video… - 181
Pi-hole Discourse
discourse.pi-hole.net/t/how-to-block-porn-and-hentai-easily/8… - 182
plaintiffs' announcement
prnewswire.com/news-releases/apple-sued-for-knowingly-… - 183
- 184
PLOS Global Public Health
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12611143/ - 185
Prevention Global
lucyfaithfull.org.uk/stop-it-now-chosen-as-part-of-flagship-… - 186
processed over 176 billion images, triggered 126 million suspect media for analyst review, and issued 141 million takedown notices
projectarachnid.ca/en/ - 187
Project Arachnid
projectarachnid.ca/en/ - 188
Project Arachnid processes "tens of thousands of images a second"
protectchildren.ca/en/programs-and-initiatives/project-ara… - 189
Project VIC
projectvic.org/ - 190
Project VIC International
projectvic.org/project-vic - 191
Protection of Children Act 1978
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/37 - 192
protocol analysis by Ittai Abraham
decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2021-08-29-the-private-set-intersection… - 193
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- 195
QUITTR comparison
quittrapp.com/porn-addiction/best-apps - 196
R v Sharpe (2001)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Sharpe - 197
Re-LAION-5B
laion.ai/blog/relaion-5b/ - 198
- 199
Recovery Unplugged
recoveryunplugged.com/pornography-addiction-and-the-emerging-… - 200
- 201
Regulation 2021/1232
eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1232/oj - 202
Rehabs.com
rehabs.com/treatment/smartphone-apps/ - 203
REPORT Act
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REPORT_Act - 204
resigned as CEO on 9 July 2025
variety.com/2025/digital/news/linda-yaccarino-resig… - 205
Reward Foundation
rewardfoundation.org/ - 206
Safer 2025 Impact Report
safer.io/resources/safers-2025-impact-report/ - 207
Safety Detectives
safetydetectives.com/best-parental-control/canopy/ - 208
Scale of Harm study
ijmuk.org/stories/1-in-100-children-sexually-expl… - 209
Scientific Reports
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10991312/ - 210
Security Magazine
securitymagazine.com/articles/97791-guy-rosen-named-ciso-at-… - 211
Senate Judiciary
judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024-01-31_-_testimony_-_… - 212
Senate Judiciary
judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/hidden-harm… - 213
- 214
Seto, Hanson, and Babchishin (2011)
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063210369013 - 215
Sexual Abuse
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21173158/ - 216
Shield API
shield.projectarachnid.com/docs/ - 217
South China Morning Post
scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3219201/tiktoks-u… - 218
- 219
Step Forward. Take a Chance. You're Not Alone
protectchildren.ca/en/resources-research/survivor-advocacy… - 220
Stop Child Abuse – Trace an Object
europol.europa.eu/stopchildabuse - 221
Summation-based Private Segmented Membership Test from threshold-FHE
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12063338/ - 222
survivor support function
protectchildren.ca/en/stand-with-survivors/ - 223
synthetic-only content generated from text prompts from victim-derived material — AI-generated deepfakes built on real photographs of actual minors — which it frames as a compounded harm
hai.stanford.edu/assets/files/hai-policy-brief-addressin… - 224
Tech Policy Press
techpolicy.press/court-rules-that-constitution-protects-… - 225
Tech Policy Press transcript
techpolicy.press/transcript-us-senate-hearing-on-examini… - 226
Tech:NYC
technyc.org/leaders/naomi-gleit - 227
- 228
- 229
the community circulated a filter-disabled build within days of the original v1 release
stable-diffusion-art.com/midjourney-vs-stable-diffusion/ - 230
The Recovery Village
therecoveryvillage.com/recovery/free-apps-for-recovery/ - 231
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- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
Thorn, Trends in Financial Sextortion
thorn.org/research/library/financial-sextortion/ - 237
Thorn's analysis
thorn.org/blog/what-the-2024-ncmec-cybertipline-r… - 238
Thorn's youth research
thorn.org/research/grooming-and-sextortion/ - 239
ThreatExchange
github.com/facebook/ThreatExchange/tree/main/pdq - 240
TikTok Newsroom
newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/opening-statement-senate-judiciar… - 241
TikTok USDS
usdsjv.tiktok.com/ - 242
trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9879871/ - 243
Trends & Issues paper 607
aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi607 - 244
Troubled Desire
troubled-desire.com/en/ - 245
Troubled Desire
troubled-desire.com/en/about - 246
- 247
University of San Francisco
usfca.edu/news/usf-grad-tiktok-exec - 248
University of Sydney
sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2024/06/11/is-age-ver… - 249
Utah State University
usu.edu/today/story/usu-research-yields-dramati… - 250
VICS Data Model
projectvic.org/vics-data-model - 251
Voluntary Principles to Counter Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
weprotect.org/resources/library/voluntary-principles-… - 252
Ward and Siegert's Pathways Model (2002)
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09718-4 - 253
- 254
WeProtect
weprotect.org/ - 255
WFSBP 2020 guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of paraphilic disorders
tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15622975.2020.1744723 - 256
Whitelist Video
whitelist.video/blog/bark-parental-control-review-2026 - 257
Wikipedia overview
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Assessment - 258
- 259
World Psychiatry
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5775124/ - 260
Y Combinator
ycombinator.com/companies/relay-health - 261